Bacterial salt tolerance is unrelated to soil salinity across an arid agroecosystem salinity gradient

In arid and semi-arid ecosystems, salinization is a major threat to the productivity of agricultural land. While the influence of other physical and chemical environmental factors on decomposer microorganisms have been intensively studied in soil, the influence of salinity has been less exhaustively assessed. We investigated the influence of soil salinity on soil bacterial communities in soils covering a range of salt levels. We assessed tolerance of the bacterial communities from Libyan agricultural soils forming a salinity gradient to salt (NaCl), by extracting bacterial communities and instantaneously monitoring the concentration-response to added NaCl with the Leucine incorporation technique for bacterial growth. To maximise our ability to detect differences in bacterial salt tolerance between the soils, we also repeated the assessment of bacterial growth tolerance after one month incubation with 1 or 2% added organic matter additions to stimulate microbial growth levels. We could establish clear concentration-response relationships between bacterial growth and soil salinity, demonstrating an accurate assessment of bacterial tolerance. The in situ soil salinity in the studied soils ranged between 0.64 and 2.73 mM Na (electrical conductivities of 0.74-4.12 mS cm⁻¹; cation exchange capacities of 20-37 mmol_c kg⁻¹) and the bacterial tolerance indicated by the concentration inhibiting 50% of the bacterial growth (EC₅₀) varied between 30 and 100 mM Na or between electrical conductivities of 3.0 and 10.7 mS cm⁻¹. There was no relationship between in situ soil salinity and the salt tolerance of the soil bacterial communities. Our results suggest that soil salinity was not a decisive factor for bacterial growth, and thus for structuring the decomposer community, in the studied soils.     

Soil bacterial growth and nutrient limitation along a chronosequence from a glacier forefield

Resource availability and limiting factors for bacterial growth during early stages of soil development (8-138 years) were studied along a chronosequence from the glacial forefield of the Damma glacier in the Swiss Alps. We determined bacterial growth (leucine incorporation) and we investigated which resource (C, N or P) limited bacterial growth in soils formed by the retreating glacier. The latter was determined by adding labile sources of C (glucose), N and P to soil samples and then measuring the bacterial growth response after a 40 h incubation period. Bacterial growth increased with increasing soil age in parallel with the build up of organic matter. However, lower bacterial growth, when standardized to the amount of organic C, was found with time since the glacier retreat, indicating decreasing availability of soil organic matter with soil age. Bacterial growth in older soils was limited by the lack of C. The bacteria were never found to be limited by only N, only P, or N + P. In the youngest soils, however, neither the addition of C, N nor P singly increased bacterial growth, while a combination of C and N did. Bacterial growth was relatively more limited by lack of N than P when the C limitation was alleviated, suggesting that N was the secondary limiting resource. The availability of N for bacterial growth increased with time, as seen by an increased bacterial growth response after adding only C in older soils. This study demonstrated that bacterial growth measurements can be used not only to indicate direct growth effects, but also as a rapid method to indicate changes in bacterial availability of nutrients during soil development.     

等养分条件下稻草还田替代双季早稻氮钾肥比例的研究

【目的】研究等量氮磷钾养分投入条件下,长期稻草原位全量还田配施化肥对双季早稻氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 养分吸收累积、转运及养分利用的影响,为南方稻区稻草资源有效利用,维持并提高土壤肥力及水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点长期定位试验为研究对象,陆两优 996 为供试材料,在不施化肥和施用化肥基础上设稻草还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田共 6 个处理,除空白对照外,所有处理养分投入量相等。于 2015 年在早稻移栽期、分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期取地上部植株样,分析水稻植株不同部位的 N、P、K 含量和累积量以及转运比例,并计算 N、P、K 养分利用效率。【结果】稻草还田提高了水稻产量,施肥条件下稻草还田处理比稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理平均增产 2.9%～ 6.4%,比不施肥区产量增幅高达 23.8%～ 26.0%,且差异达显著水平。无论是施肥区处理,还是无肥区处理,与稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理相比,稻草还田植株中 K 含量及 N、P、K 积累量在整个生育期均较高,而 N、P 含量在生育后期较高,N、P、K 积累量以施肥区处理大于相应的无肥区处理;稻草还田提高水稻 N、P、K 养分农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力,且 N、K 差异达显著水平,同时显著增加 K 的收获指数;稻草还田还提高了抽穗至成熟期茎鞘中 N、P、K 的转运量、转运率及转移养分对籽粒的贡献率,而叶片各处理间差异不显著。【结论】稻草还田配施化肥能提高水稻产量,同时还可以调节 N、P、K 养分的积累和转运,提高养分的吸收利用效率。本试验条件下,稻草还田可替代化肥氮肥 (N) 29.5%、磷肥 (P₂O₅) 4.0% 和钾肥 (K₂O) 50.0%。综合考虑,稻草还田相比稻草烧灰还田而言是南方稻区土壤养分管理实现高效利用的有效途径之一。     

不同耕作措施对雨养冬小麦碳足迹的影响

为了解不同耕作管理措施对我国北方旱作农田作物生产生命周期内生产资料及生产过程碳排放足迹的影响,在山西省临汾市尧都区连续15年保护性耕作长期定位试验基地,利用静态箱-气相色谱法连续两年测定了不同秸秆管理和耕作措施(秸秆不还田旋耕、秸秆还田旋耕、秸秆覆盖免耕)下,旱作冬小麦田N_2O周年排放通量,并对不同耕作管理措施的生产资料和生产过程中的碳排放进行全面分析与计算,以估算不同耕作措施的碳足迹。结果表明:1)秸秆覆盖免耕和秸秆不还田旋耕条件下旱作冬小麦田N_2O年度累积排放量较秸秆还田旋耕分别平均减少19.2%和18.9%;2)旱作冬小麦在秸秆覆盖免耕条件下产量最高;3)旱作农田碳足迹中氮肥生产、农田N_2O直接排放和柴油消耗排放占到总排放足迹的90%以上;4)秸秆覆盖免耕较其他耕作方式的碳足迹低,两年试验期间,较秸秆还田旋耕处理碳足迹分别低11.0%和6.9%,较秸秆不还田旋耕处理碳足迹分别低7.9%和8.3%。5)在半干旱地区,秸秆覆盖免耕处理单位产量碳足迹最低,是本研究中低碳低排的推荐措施。本研究结果可为旱作农田以低碳减排为目标的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

秸秆深还(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)指将作物秸秆深埋于土壤亚表层20~40 cm深处,用以解决秸秆焚烧和土壤肥力退化的可持续利用模式。本文以吉林农业大学玉米连作耕地试验田未施用秸秆和秸秆深还不同年限的土壤为研究对象,设置CK、CSDI(2014)、CSDI(2013)和CSDI(2012)共4种处理,分别代表未施入秸秆、2014年秸秆深还(深还第1年)、2013年秸秆深还(深还第2年)、2012年秸秆深还(深还第3年),研究秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响。通过腐殖质组成修改法提取富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)、胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)和胡敏素(Humin,HM),国际腐殖质协会(International Humic Substances Society,IHSS)推荐的方法提取HA样品,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析测定HA结构。结果表明:与CK相比,秸秆深还1年后显著提高了土壤和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,亚表层累积效果更明显,其土壤有机碳(SOC)、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量分别增加了23.7%、30.5%、27.3%和46.1%,但PQ值(HA在可提取腐殖物质的比例)没有显著变化;HA氧化度和缩合度降低明显,表层和亚表层(O+S)/C比值分别降低14.31%和14.68%,H/C比值分别增加27.74%和28.86%,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,热稳定性降低,HA结构趋于简单化。随着年限增加,深还3年后SOC、FA和HM有机碳含量呈下降趋势,HA有机碳含量呈上升趋势,PQ值变化显著,HA缩合度、氧化度呈上升趋势,脂族性减弱,芳香性增强,HA结构趋于复杂化。说明随着年限增加,秸秆不断矿化分解,秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和结构特征的影响效果减弱。     

秸秆配施氮肥还田对水稻土酶活性的影响

通过田间试验研究秸秆还田时间及配施氮肥比例对水稻土酶活性的影响,以期为培育水稻土肥力和稳定稻田生态系统功能提供理论依据。试验设置2个秸秆还田时间(WS,冬季还田;SS,春季还田)和4个氮肥配施量(N0,秸秆还田,试验期内全程不添加矿质氮;NB,常规施肥,还田时不添加矿质氮;N30B,秸秆还田时添加早稻基肥用量的30%矿质氮;N60B,秸秆还田时添加早稻基肥用量的60%矿质氮)。研究结果表明:1冬季秸秆翻耕还田能增加冬闲期6种与土壤碳周转相关酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和蔗糖酶)的活性,冬闲期冬季秸秆还田条件下土壤酶活性均高于春季还田,生育期内冬季秸秆翻耕还田措施对土壤β-葡糖苷酶和过氧化物酶有增加作用;2秸秆还田并配施氮肥措施显著地增加冬闲期和生育期β-纤维二糖苷酶的活性,但配施氮肥的3个比例间土壤酶活性并无显著差异;3除多酚氧化酶外,其他5种酶均与其有机碳投入量呈显著正相关。因此,冬季秸秆还田及配施氮肥能在一定程度上调控与碳周转相关的土壤酶活性,对推广冬闲期秸秆翻耕还田及保障作物的产量具有重要的生态学意义。     

玉米螟杀虫剂的室内筛选

[目的]筛选对玉米螟幼虫和卵具有较好毒杀作用的药剂,为玉米螟的化学防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用人工饲料混药法和浸渍法分别测定10种杀虫剂对玉米螟幼虫和卵的毒杀作用。[结果]印楝素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺对玉米螟幼虫具有较高毒力,对3龄幼虫的加50值分别为0．0006,0．0250和0．0387mg／L;印楝素浓度为10．0mg／L时,卵的孵化率为17．80％。[结论]印楝素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺可作为玉米螟的防治药剂。     

秸秆还田下不同氮肥处理对玉米生长发育的影响

通过对秸秆还田条件下6个氮肥处理对玉米生长发育的研究,探讨氮肥对玉米农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明:在秸秆还田条件下,处理3的干物质、经济系数及产量性状在6个处理中表现最好,产量达9 027 kg·hm~(-2),而且比同一施肥水平秸秆不还田的产量高4.7%,说明合理的轮作制度配合秸秆还田是一项值得推广的技术模式。     

膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响

探索全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地耕层土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响。2015-2017年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站,实施了以常规种植(CP)、常规种植+秸秆还田(CP_S)、常规种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(CP_SD)、全膜双垄种植(FMRF)、全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田(FMRF_S)和全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(FMRF_SD)为处理的田间定位试验。测定了耕层0~30 cm土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)和速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、土壤容重(BD)和土壤pH,计算了耕层秸秆固存率(CSE)和碳氮积累量。结果表明,FMRF_SD通过改善水热环境协同秸秆微生物腐解剂生产增效作用,加速了还田秸秆腐解与养分释放,产生的有机物抵消了土壤有机氮矿化损失,释放的养分补充了作物生长对土壤养分的消耗;改善后的水热肥条件又促进作物旺盛生长,使更多的有机物(落叶、根茬)回归土壤,从而显著促进了耕层SOC和TN的积累、提高了土壤TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK的含量,尤其是显著提高AP和AK的含量(P<0.05)。与CP比,FMRF_SD 3年累计固存了41.17%的秸秆碳, 耕层年均增加SOC和TN贮量0.79 mg C·hm^-2和0.04 mg N·hm^-2;使耕层TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK 含量提高了0.05、0.03、3.05 g·kg^-1和10.80、8.90、101.50 mg·kg^-1,相应地增加了6.87%、6.94%、15.28%、10.24%、56.69%、55.34%。同时,FMRF_SD使土壤BD和pH值分别降低了3.9%和0.2%。土壤碳氮贮量、氮磷钾养分含量的增加以及土壤BD和pH 值的降低,增加了土壤供肥能力、改善了土壤结构和性状,从而显著提高了肥力。因此,FMRF_SD是适合当地的最有效的农田碳氮库土壤肥力管理模式。     

In vitro effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism in rat embryos

Glucose is utilized for oxidation and synthesis of various lipids in cultured rat embryos. The present experiment examined the effect of insulin on the incorporation of glucose into lipid fractions in rat embryos in vitro . Embryos at the 2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst stages were incubated for 5 h in hamster embryo culture medium (HECM)-1 containing ¹⁴C-glucose and 170 nmol/L insulin, or in HECM-1 containing only ¹⁴C-glucose, and the oxidation of glucose in these embryos was examined. In addition, the total lipids of blastocysts were separated by thin layer chromatography and the radioactivity of the separated lipid fractions was measured. Oxidation of glucose was significantly increased after insulin treatment compared with that without insulin treatment in 8-cell embryos and blastocysts ( P  < 0.05), but not in 2-cell embryos. Incorporation of glucose into lipids in blastocysts was significantly lowered by insulin treatment compared with that without insulin treatment ( P  < 0.05). Most of the radioactivity was recovered from triacylglycerols of blastocysts and the remaining radioactivity was found in other neutral lipids and phospholipids. We conclude that insulin accelerates the utilization for oxidation of glucose and inhibits the storage of triacylglycerols in rat blastocysts.